Sociology and Common Sense Essay - 1546 Words

Explain the difference between a â€Å"common sense† and a â€Å"sociological† view of human behaviour, giving relevant examples. Sociology is a social science that enables people to understand the structure and dynamics of society. By using a scientific approach, and by critically analysing society using qualitative and quantitative methods, sociologists can find patterns and connections within human behaviour to provide explanations of how society affects people. Sociological views are based on theories that have been tested through unbiased research and attempt to take all values into account. Common sense theories are generally individualistic and naturalistic assumptions that are based on opinions than can vary depending on an individuals†¦show more content†¦Other people within his community may even go as far a labelling the man as lazy, because of his labour-less situation. This would be a common sense view, as the people making the assumptions against the unfortunate man, do not have the necessary evidence to make such a judgement. Mills continues about the unemployed individual, ...but when in a nation of 50 million employees, 15 million men are unemployed, that is an issue, and we may not hope to find its solution within the range of opportunities open to any one individual. (Mills 1959: 9) It would be nonsensical from a common sense perspective to brandish 15 million people as lazy because they are out of work, so it is the job of the sociologist to find out why. To arrive at sociological perspective, someone would have to analyse the situation stringently to find evidence as to why such a high percentage of the population to be out of work. This could be down to a collapse in a countrys economy, and subsequent closure of businesses throughout the nation, due to populate being unwilling to spend money for unessential luxuries, as recently experienced in the United Kingdom amongst other countries. It is not enough to assume that people who receive state benefits are indeed lazy people who shy away from work.Show MoreRelatedSociological And Common Sense Understanding1341 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction to Sociology Throughout this essay, I will explain the distinction between sociological and common sense understanding, highlight the differences between sociology and other social sciences, and evaluate two sociological perspectives – Marxism and feminism. Sociology is the scientific study of human society. It examines the development of social structures, and the interaction between these structures and human behaviour. Sociologists aim to provide tools of understanding the processRead More Common Sense vs Sociological Sense Essay1574 Words   |  7 Pagesall over the world inaccurately come to the conclusion that sociology is merely, ‘the study of the obvious’ and the application of common sense, this statement could not be further from the truth. Common sense derives from statements such as, ‘opposites attract’, however the Sociological sense takes this belief and carries out numerous tests to discover whether it is fact, or fiction. Bauman regards common sense knowledge and common sense understandings as powerful social mechanisms which can fundamentallyRead MoreTheoretical Frameworks Of Sociology And Sociological Perspective Essay918 Words   |  4 Pages What does Sociology have to do with me? Why do people think or act differently than you? Why are some people rich while others are poor? Why do some commit crimes, break laws and others do not? These are all some of the questions students need an answer to, which led them to enrol to this course. â€Å"Sociology is the scientific study of individuals in groups, organizations, cultures and societies; and of the interrelationships of individuals, group, organizations, cultures and societies.† (KennedyRead MoreEssay1224 Words   |  5 Pagesrelate to our Introduction to Sociology class. Equilibrium follows the life of John Preston, an elite member of a military team used to locate and destroy all things considered â€Å"sensory stimulating†. In this society all citizens are forced to take drugs that suppress all feeling and emotion. The reason for this is the leader â€Å"father† of this society believes emotion is the cause of all conflicts such as crime and war. Anyone not taking the drug is considered a â€Å"sense offender† and is killed on theRead MoreEmile Durkheim and The Science of Sociology Essay1294 Words   |  6 Pagesfamily line of rabbis, he had planned to follow in that profession. Durkheim was known as the Father of Sociology. He was a liberal, a modernist, and a nationalist. He was a very ambitious man; this ambition was illustrated by the accomplishments he made over the course of his life. During the conflict surrounding the Dreyfus Affair, Durkheim used the new field of sociology to try to make sense of society and the world around him. The Dreyfus Affair was a government cover up framing a Jewish captainRead MoreSociology Is The Systematic Study Of Human Society1157 Words   |  5 Pages Sociology is defined in many different ways by many different people; more commonly, â€Å"sociology is the systematic study of human society† (Macionis). Human society is made up of different categories or patterns in subjects such as race, gender, income, etc. More than half the time, people go on about their lives without realizing any of this. Sociology is like a sub-conscience; it guides us and teaches us about the world we live in and the choices we make, even without directly thinking about itRead MoreIs Sociology a Science1655 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"The study of sociology cannot and should not be seen as scientific† To what extent do sociological arguments and evidence support this view? (33 marks) The debate about whether sociology can be represented as a science has existed for many years. Comte; who first used the word sociology argued that sociology should be based on the methodology of the natural sciences. He argues that the application of natural science methodology to the study of society would produce a ‘positive science of society’Read MoreCommentary On Alaskan Bush People Film995 Words   |  4 Pagesadventure across California when he noticed how listless everyone was becoming from being stuck in the hotel room or the hospital all day. It covered those experiences as well as some culture shock they experienced. The film showed that they had a strong sense of family unity, and that family is the most important thing to them. Something that I found interesting, was that symbols and what they mean, are different compared to the Brown family and myself. I can easily recognize company symbols and knowRead MoreSocial Perspectives On Education And The Sociology Of Education1273 Words   |  6 Pagesthe sociology of education? Social influences on educational outcomes and the social nature of education structures of the past and present exemplify how social institutions can affect education perceived by individuals. This can also be defined as the sociology of education; a study of education systems of how social institutions and individual experiences affect education and its outcome, as interpreted by Scott and Marshall (2009). This essay will address how the background of sociology of educationRead MoreWhat Is Sociology?1062 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is sociology? We can start by saying that sociology is the systematic study of human society. Sociology should be more than you find in a good documentary on a social issue. It is certainly more than listings of facts and figures about society. Instead it becomes a form of consciousness a way of thinking, a critical way of seeing the social. Seeing the general in the particular. In his short book ‘Invitation to Sociology’(1963) characterized the sociological perspective as seeing the general

Zimbardo s Theory Of Social Psychology - 1952 Words

Throughout history there have been hundreds upon hundreds of influential figures, although not all of them have devoted their career to understanding the human mind. Of the few who have devoted their time to this hugely important task, Dr. Philip G. Zimbardo’s theories and experiments have made him stand out, and differentiate himself from the rest in his profession. Zimbardo s area of expertise in the field of psychology is social psychology, the branch that deals with social interactions, including their origins and their effects on the individual. Zimbardo may be most well known for his Stanford Prison experiment, an experiment that seems to address the definition of social psychology perfectly. In this experiment Zimbardo had clinically healthy and sane people volunteer for the position of a prison guard or a prisoner and see how they behaved, for fifteen dollars a day. The prison was actually the basement of the Stanford psychology building, where the experiment would tak e place for a planned 14 days. As said before, the prisoners and guards were all tested as mentally healthy, and for the sake of the experiment were arrested, and processed on a random morning, August 14th 1971. (Zimbardo, 2007, p. 23). The results of this experiment are outstanding, shocking, and somewhat disturbing, making this one of, if not, the most unethical psychological experiments. Although the experiment is considered wildly immoral, Zimbardo is one of the most influential psychologistsShow MoreRelatedSocial Psychological Explanations For The Emergence Of Public Disorder1287 Words   |  6 PagesIdentify and describe social psychological explanations for the emergence of public disorder. Public disorder can be defined as any behavioural act in the public eye that goes against societal norms. This may be an act of an individual or from members of a larger group. Gustave le Bon (1895) categorises a group or â€Å"crowd† as those possessing characteristics including â€Å"impulsiveness, irritability, incapacity to reason, the absence of judgement and of the critical spirit, the exaggeration of theRead MoreThe Stanford Prison Experiment : Stanford University1697 Words   |  7 Pagesalso known as the Psychology department at Stanford University. Not even Philip Zimbardo, the psychologist behind the experiment that would shape the field of psychology for years to come, could have predicted the behaviors and events that followed. Philip Zimbardo was born on March 23, 1938, in New York City. He studied at Brooklyn College and graduated in 1954 with majors in sociology, anthropology, and psychology(Maslach). Human behavior was always a mystery to Philip Zimbardo, and he pursued theseRead MoreWhat Can Social Psychology Teach Us About What Happened At Abu Ghraib? Essay1023 Words   |  5 PagesWhat can social psychology teach us about what happened at Abu Ghraib? By Mandy Stead During the Iraq war that between 2003 and 2006, the united states army committed a series of human rights violations against prisoners at Abu Ghraib prison near Bagdad. The violations included murder, sexual and physical abuse, rape, torturer, sodomy, humiliating and dehumanizing prisoners. In 2004 the abuse that was carried out was exposed by the publication of images that were taken by the soldiers that carriedRead MoreA Critical Review Of Zimbardo s Stanford Prison Experiment And The Bbc Prison Study1510 Words   |  7 Pagesan unequal social system involving the arbitrary or oppressive use of power by one group over another (Reicher Haslam, 2006). The link made between groups and tyranny has a long history in social psychology being prominent nearly 2,400 years ago with the Greek philosopher Aristotle. Aristotle believed that collective rule leads to moral irresponsibility, haphazardness and is a disguised form of tyranny. Research into tyranny has been carried out ever since. In 1971 Philip Zimbardo conductedRead MoreStanford Prison Experiment Essay1150 Words   |  5 Pagesposition over others, is it possible to claim that with this new power individual(s) would be fair and ethical or could it be said that ones true colors would show? A group of researchers, headed by Stanford University psychologist Philip G. Zimbardo, designed and executed an unusual experiment that used a mock prison setting, with college students role-playing either as prisoners or guards to test the power of the social situation to determine psychological effects and behavior (1971). The experimentRead MoreThe Theory Of Social Psychology996 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction In 1971 Dr. Philip Zimbardo, conducted the Stanford Prison Experiment at Stanford University in the basement. According to Zimbardo, the study was an effort to see how well people would react in a place of confinement, Classic Studies in Psychology, (2012). There were 24 male randomly assigned to act as guards or prisoners in the derision prison. The endeavor was of this study was at the start to last two weeks, but was ended after six days due to the immoderate action ofRead MoreThe Science Of Social Psychology1329 Words   |  6 Pagesyou put good apples into a bad situation, you’ll get bad apples†, said Philip G. Zimbardo, a prominent researcher of the field of social psychology. What is social psychology, you might ask? In short, it represents and defines an individual’s actions when the said individual is placed in a social situation. It also defines how you choose to act, often subconsciously, in the face of others. The science of social psycholo gy is a youthful one, it’s existence barely a century old. However, it is with it’sRead MoreSummary : Leviathan 1156 Words   |  5 PagesMs. Tague Sophomore English P4 4 March, 2015 Prompt 1: Social Science Research Paper Leviathan, Hobbesian Theory, states that if men live without a common power to keep them all in awe, they are in that condition which is called [War]. This statement implies men are more likely to favor disorder when there is no authority to check on their behaviors. Why do we act differently in the presence of authority? When my mother is nearby, I am more focused and I pay more attention to details. HoweverRead MoreHow can organisations and communities both influence social change and affect peoples behaviour?1086 Words   |  5 PagesOption B How can organisations and communities both influence social change and affect peoples behaviour? This essay considers how organisations and communities affect peoples behaviours and influencing social change. Firstly, from a management perspective the focus will look at the strong link of both structure and culture and how this affects peoples behaviour to bring about possible social change. Secondly, from a psychology perspective, the essay will focus on how individuals behaviourRead MoreDavid Mcclelland And His Achievement Theory1199 Words   |  5 Pagesworks of David McClelland and his Achievement Motivation Theory, also commonly referred to as Need Achievement Theory, and its relationship to leadership and motivation within business. Furthermore, this manuscript will observe material from various fields as it correlates to the overarching principle of leadership and motivation within business management. Throughout the course of Management 321: Leadership and Motivation, various theories were reviewed surrounding the subjects of both leadership

Air Quality and Climate Change as Integrated Policy †1 Free Essays

Environmental policies largely influence the way humans interact with the environment. Policies targeting air quality, namely the Clean Air Act, have been effective in lowering the emissions of pollutants; however climate change is still something that concerns some scientists, citizens, and policymakers. As such, the need for further progress is necessary. We will write a custom essay sample on Air Quality and Climate Change as Integrated Policy – 1 or any similar topic only for you Order Now In order to make such progress policymakers may need to develop air quality and climate change policies through an integrative approach. Doing this, however, does not come without political, social, and scientific obstacles. Although there are obstacles to recognizing integrative approaches for policymaking, air quality and climate change may be addressed simultaneously, less costly, and more effectively by using such an approach. Air quality and climate change are interrelated and, as such, policies should be developed through an integrative approach. The federal government’s approach to climate change policy has included only voluntary measures thus far. This conservative approach has failed to address climate change effectively (Dale, 2011). Policy making is both time- and cost-extensive. Therefore addressing air quality and climate change separately prolongs the policymaking process and increases the costs associated with that process. As greenhouse gas emissions affect air quality and climate change, an integrative approach to developing policies may result in timelier, less cost extensive policies that better address both issues. Air quality and climate change are interrelated, thus policies that address both issues simultaneously may provide better health, economic, and environmental benefits. Air quality and climate change are influenced by common air pollutants. As such, focusing on one pollutant to improve air quality may increase or decrease other pollutants that affect climate change (Thambiran Diab, 2011). The complex interaction between air quality and climate change makes it nearly impossible to create a win-win situation. If a policy addresses air quality, but the impacts of the policy on climate change is overlooked, the desired benefits may vanish. Air quality management emission standards are designed to decrease anthropogenic sources of air pollutants, and it is expected that the emission decreases will lead to better air quality. Such policies are aimed at improving air quality, assuming that climate will remain constant. But scientists suggest future climate change is likely to impact meteorological factors that affect air quality, thus making it necessary to consider air quality and climate change to avoid unexpected outcomes (Thambiran Diab, 2011). An integrative approach to air quality and climate change policy making may generate better health, economic, and environmental benefits. The benefits of an integrative approach to air quality and climate change may seem obvious, but realizing such an approach does not come without political, social, and scientific obstacles. Politicians hold differing views about how to manage air quality and climate change. Not all politicians believe that climate change is an issue, despite scientific evidence, but most agree that air quality is an issue. Socially, citizens are divided much like politicians, but often rely on the media for information about the reality of climate change. To further complicate the issue, scientists are in disagreement about the validity of climate change. In every layer of society, agendas and motivations heavily influence the support or opposition to a given piece of legislation. The many political, social, and scientific obstacles come as a result of such a controversial issue, which makes it difficult to develop an integrative approach to air quality and climate change. Maintaining a fragmented approach to air quality and to climate change causes problems for everyone. As with any successful system, all parts must function properly and simultaneously in order to achieve maximum performance. Fragmented is defined as existing or functioning as though broken into separate parts; disorganized; disunified (IAC Companies, 2012). Maintaining a fragmented approach to air quality has delivered successes, but a united effort is necessary to ensure everyone is equally protected from air pollutants. Climate change, however, cannot be maintained with a fragmented approach. Global uniformity is imperative to mitigate climate change, and if cannot be addressed globally, it cannot be managed at all. Attempts locally will not provide adequate results, thus anything less than a global effort creates a problem. Because air quality and climate change are interconnected, maintaining a fragmented approach to either issue creates problems for everyone. Policies that target individual behaviors can be effective in addressing climate change and air quality. Incentives provided by local, state, and government actors are good examples of how policies influencing individual behavior can help mitigate climate change. Individuals are beginning to voluntarily change behaviors that contribute to poor air quality and climate change. These changes are making a difference, so it is rational to believe that policies targeting individual behaviors will effectively address air quality and climate change. Air quality and climate change policies should be developed through an integrative approach. The benefits of this approach include saving money and providing timelier, more effective results. Political, social, and scientific obstacles must be dealt with to realize an integrative approach to managing air quality and climate change. Fragmented approaches to air quality and climate change pose problems for everyone. Voluntary measures being taken by individuals are yielding positive results. It is therefore rational to develop policies that target individual behaviors. Although there are obstacles to recognizing integrative approaches for policymaking, air quality and climate change may be addressed simultaneously, less costly, and more effectively by using such an approach. Reference Dale, L. (2011). Environmental Policy. San Diego: Bridgepoint Education, Inc. IAC Companies. (2012). Retrieved from Dictionary. com, LLC: http://dictionary. reference. com/ Thambiran, T. , Diab, R. D. (2011). The case for integrated air quality and climate change policies. Elsevier Environmental Science Policy, 1008-1017. How to cite Air Quality and Climate Change as Integrated Policy – 1, Essay examples

General Toxicology and Principles Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the General Toxicology and Principles. Answer: Genotoxic carcinogens are divided into categories: direct and indirect carcinogens that initiate tumours through the production of DNA damage. A primary or direct acting carcinogen is a chemical that do not require any kind of chemical modification or metabolic activation for inducing cancer called activation- independent carcinogens being highly reactive electrophilic molecules act by binding to cellular macromolecules, DNA (Klaunig, 2014). On the other hand, indirect-acting genotoxic carcinogens require metabolic activation from proximate carcinogen or procarcinogen to carcinogen like Nicotine-derived nitrosamine ketone (NNK), benzo[a]pyrene and alfatoxin B1. Direct carcinogens like dimethylcarbamyl chloride and Dimethyl sulphate does not require any chemical transformation for the carcinogenicity production. On a contrary, procarcinogens or indirect acting compounds as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons require the metabolic conversion for the final production of carcinogen that has the capability of carcinogenicity or induce tumours (Stanley, 1995). Direct acting carcinogens like alkylating and acylating agents does not uncoil or coil DNA properly or information-decoding enzymes do not process it. As a result, there is cytotoxicity and inhibition of cell growth and initiation of apoptosis or programmed cell death. Direct carcinogens that increase the incidence of cancer after chemical exposure also trigger mutations (Smith et al., 2016). Indirect carcinogens or pro-carcinogens are changed in the body after exposure into carcinogens that cause cancer at other sites except for the exposure site. They are activation dependent and require cellular enzymatic metabolism that exert action just as direct acting carcinogen. In general, metabolism is the attempt made by body to detoxify exogenous chemicals conjugation with water solutes that can be excreted. However, body exposure to chemical and detoxification results in activation of that chemical into ultimate carcinogen that can induce cancers (Oliveira, 2016). Epigenetic carcinogen does not damage the DNA on its own, however, make alterations in the body predispose to cancer. It is different from genotoxic carcinogens as they directly react with DNA or any macromolecule inducing cancer. They are non-genotoxic chemical carcinogens that function to induce tumour formation by modulating the cell growth, inducing cell death or by exhibiting dose dependent relationships between exposure of chemical and tumour formation. Chemicals like arsenite, diethylstilbestrol, nickel compounds and hexachlorobenzene increases the incident of tumours, however, does not show any mutagen activity like pathogens or toxic compounds. The epigenetic carcinogens cause modification of gene expression, functional developmental changes or exogenous factors that induce cancer. DNA hypemethylation causes down-regulation of tumour suppressor genes (TSG) and hypomethylation results in up-regulation of oncogenes in epigenetic mechanism of carcinogenesis where it does not ch ange the basic structure and sequence of DNA. The growth factors, hormones interact with their receptors for production and different differentiation processes and other processes like inflammation, restorative growth and cytotoxicity. Due to the action of epigenetic carcinogens, there is gene repression, activation or derepression, stimulation of cell division and clonal expansion that alters the cell and as a result, cell communication is disrupted. These mechanisms induce normal cell to induce mutation and the initiated cell becomes transformed cell in the promotion stage. After progression, there is survival advantage of the malignant sub-populations resulting in cancer cells and carcinogenesis (Herceg et al., 2013). Proto-oncogenes are normal genes that help in cell growth normally, however, when it undergoes mutations or changes to become activated uncontrollably becoming oncogene. When mutations occur in DNA sequence, it gives rise to oncogene that interferes with normal cell division regulation. The proto-oncogene activation is achieved by mechanisms like chromosomal translocation, enhancer and promoter insertion, point mutations or gene amplification. Mutation in one allele is enough to cause oncogenic activity and often acting as dominant to wild type. There is gain of function of the protein signalling uncontrolled cell division and conversion occurs from proto-oncogene to oncogene. There is some tissue preference in this mechanism. Mutation occurs in somatic cells and therefore, it is not inherited (Hnisz et al., 2016). On the other hand, TSGs are found normally on a cell surface and its function is the regulation of cell division by slowing of division process, coupling to DNA damage in cell cycle, cell repair mechanism or the induction of apoptosis. It is different from proto-oncogene as oncogene is formed due to activation of proto-oncogene whereas TSG cause cancer in activated form. Only one allele of TSG that is mutated is not enough to cause cancer rather two mutant form of TSG alleles are required to cause cancer as one normal allele has the signal for stopping cell division. Examples, p53 protein and Rb gene are TSGs and loss of function mechanism of protein results in malfunctioning of TSGs. There is strong tissue preference in TSGs, for example, the Rb II gene in retina blastoma (Harris, 1996). References Harris, C. C. (1996). p53 tumor suppressor gene: at the crossroads of molecular carcinogenesis, molecular epidemiology, and cancer risk assessment.Environmental health perspectives,104(Suppl 3), 435. Herceg, Z., Lambert, M. P., van Veldhoven, K., Demetriou, C., Vineis, P., Smith, M. T., ... Wild, C. P. (2013). Towards incorporating epigenetic mechanisms into carcinogen identification and evaluation.Carcinogenesis,34(9), 1955-1967. Hnisz, D., Weintraub, A. S., Day, D. S., Valton, A. L., Bak, R. O., Li, C. H., ... Reddy, J. (2016). Activation of proto-oncogenes by disruption of chromosome neighborhoods.Science, aad9024. Klaunig, J. E. (2014). Chemical carcinogenesis.Principles of Toxicology: Environmental and Industrial Applications 2014,259. Oliveira, P. A. (2016). Chemical carcinogens.Oxford Textbook of Oncology, 142. Smith, M. T., Guyton, K. Z., Gibbons, C. F., Fritz, J. M., Portier, C. J., Rusyn, I., ... Hecht, S. S. (2016). Key characteristics of carcinogens as a basis for organizing data on mechanisms of carcinogenesis.Environmental health perspectives,124(6), 713. Stanley, L. A. (1995). Molecular aspects of chemical carcinogenesis: the roles of oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes.Toxicology,96(3), 173-194